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The Volkek-Oshra Language
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Mina
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The Volkek-Oshra Language
«
on:
25 December 2014, 18:09:55 »
Merry Christmas!
I've been saying for a long time that I was working on the Volkek-Oshra language, and it's finally done. Well, actually I kept deciding to start over from scratch nearly every time I got back to working on it, so this version is only a few months old. It's probably also very simplistic compared to a real language, but I'm afraid my skills at this point aren't really enough to create a natural-looking language. Maybe if I'll get there if I keep practicing, but I don't want to delay this language any further.
Anyway, I've split it up into five parts:
Introduction and Quick Reference
Spelling and Pronunciation
Verbs
Nouns
Other Word Classes
Each part is meant to be one entry.
I am also including the Volkek-Oshra to Tharian and the Tharian to Volkek-Oshra dictionary here. The Volkek-Oshra to Tharian dictionary is in a different format from the other dictionaries on the site, and is arranged more like actual dictionaries. I did it that way because I wanted to be able to give usage examples, multiple definitions, and definitions more complex than a simple translation.
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Re: The Volkek-Oshra Language
«
Reply #1 on:
25 December 2014, 18:10:20 »
Introduction
Although the Volkek-Oshra orcs of Ximax often speak Tharian in public, they have a distinct language of their own that they prefer to use amongst themselves. It is known formally as
Ghwad Vork'ekoshra
, “Volkek-Oshra Language”, but the full name is seldom used; members of the tribe often refer to it simply as
Ghwadaq'ach
, “our language”.
In 1578 b.S, the renowned Volkek-Oshra scholar Korchaguk wrote a book detailing its grammar and proposing a new spelling system to replace the ad hoc spellings that were then in use. It quickly gave rise to an effort to standardise the language.
The effort proved successful, and for the first time, there was general agreement over what the proper, standard form of the language was. It is still the basis for what is taught in schools and used in formal situations today, as well as what is described in this entry. However, it should be noted that colloquial forms of the language, often used in informal situations, can be quite different from it.
Quick Reference
Verbs
Structure
[Subject Prefix] - [Aspect and Mood Prefix] - [Object Prefix] - Verb Root - [Suffixes]
Subject Prefixes
First Person
"I, we"
Second Person
"You"
Third Person
"He/she/it, they"
Indefinite
"Someone, something, anyone, anything"
Singular
Plural
q(a)
ch(a)
kh(a)
sh(a)
a
if there is no other prefix
not marked if there is another prefix
kr(a)
un(a)
Aspect and Mood Prefixes
Indicative
Potential
Imperative
Prohibitive
Perfective
Imperfective
not marked
ak(a)
at(a)
asj(a)
oq(a)
ogz(a)
Object Prefixes
First Person
"Me, us"
Second Person
"You"
Third Person
"Him/her/it, them"
Indefinite
"Someone, something, anyone, anything"
Singular
Plural
uga
eka
ugha
uzha
asa
osa
ena
Suffixes
Causative
(a)khtu
Passive
(a)shka
Reflexive
(a)net
Reciprocal
(a)dezh
Nouns
Plural Suffix
(a)t
Possessive Suffixes
First Person
"My, our"
Second Person
"Your"
Third Person
"His/her/its, their"
Indefinite
"Someone's, something's, anyone's, anything's"
Singular
Plural
(a)q
(a)q'ach
(a)g
(a)gach
(a)z
(a)zach
(a)n
Prepositions
Prepositional Object Suffixes
First Person
"Me, us"
Second Person
"You"
Third Person
"Him/her/it, them"
Indefinite
"Someone, something, anyone, anything"
Singular
Plural
(a)n
(a)nat
(a)r
(a)rat
not marked
(a)dat
(a)nur
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Last Edit: 25 December 2014, 18:51:35 by Mina
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Re: The Volkek-Oshra Language
«
Reply #2 on:
25 December 2014, 18:10:42 »
Spelling and Pronunciation
The language distinguishes 32 sounds: 4 vowel sounds and 28 consonant sounds. They are described below.
The spelling system was only standardised in 1578 b.S, more than four centuries after the Volkek-Oshra moved to Ximax. Thus, the spelling used in texts originating from before that date do not always match what is shown here.
There are also some older names, such as “Volkek-Oshra” itself (standard spelling: Vork'ekoshra or Vork'ek Oshra), that acquired widely accepted spellings before that date. In many such cases, the older spelling remains common in informal writings and texts written by non-Volkek-Oshra, while the standard spelling is used in formal texts written by the Volkek-Oshra themselves.
Vowels
Sound
Spelling
Pronunciation
a
a
Like the “a” in “f
a
ther”
e
e
Like the “e” in “b
e
d”
ɔ̜
o
Like the word “
awe
”
u̜
u
Like the “oo” in “b
oo
k”
Consonants
Sound
Spelling
Pronunciation
tʃ
ch
Similar to
ch'
, but less forceful
tʃʰ
ch'
Like the “ch” in “
ch
ill”
d
d
Like the “d” in “
d
og”
g
g
Like the “g” in “
g
ill”
ɣ
gh
A hushing sound similar to
kh
, but voiced
gʷ
gw
Similar to
g
, but with lips closer together
ɣʷ
ghw
Similar to
gh
, but with lips closer together
dʒ
j
Like th “j” in “
j
og”
k
k
Similar to
k'
but less forceful, like the “k” in “s
k
ill”
kʰ
k'
Like the “k” in “
k
ill”
x
kh
A hushing sound similar to the “h” in “
h
at”, but more forceful
xʷ
khw
Similar to
kh
, but with lips closer together
kʷ
kw
Similar to
k
, but with lips closer together
kʷʰ
kw'
Similar to
k'
, but with lips closer together
m
m
Like the “m” in “
m
ill”
n
n
Like the “n” in “
n
est”
q
q
Similar to
k
, but more guttural
qʰ
q'
Similar to
q
, but more forceful
qʷ
qw
Similar to
q
, but with lips closer together
qʷʰ
qw'
Similar to
q'
, but with lips closer together
r or ʀ
r
A trilled “r” sound, sometimes guttural
s
s
Like the “s” in “
s
ame”
ʃ
sh
Like the “sh” in “
sh
ame”
t
t
Similar to
t'
but less forceful, like the “t” in “s
t
ill”
tʰ
t'
Like the “t” in “
t
ill”
β
v
Similar to the “v” in “
v
at”, but produced by blowing air between the lips instead of between the upper teeth and lower lip
z
z
Like the “z” in “
z
est”
ʒ
zh
Like the “s” in “plea
s
ure”
Sound Changes
Adding suffixes beginning with r or a vowel to some words ending in certain consonants cause them to change those consonants. Specifically:
Some words that end with
g
,
gh
,
k
,
kh
, or
q
change them to
gw
,
ghw
,
kw
,
khw
, or
qw
Some words that end with
ch
,
k
,
q
, or
t
change them to
ch'
,
k'
,
q'
, or
t'
Some words that end with
k
or
q
change them to
kw'
or
qw'
These words are shown in the dictionary with “(w)”, “(')”, or “(w')” at the end respectively, indicating that the bracketed letters are not to be written unless the word is followed immediately by a suffix beginning in r or a vowel.
For example, the verb
shuruk(w)
, “to cure or heal someone”, would be written without a “w” when it occurs without a suffix or with a suffix beginning in a consonant other than
r
.
Qosashuru
k
.
“I cured them.”
However, when the word is immediately followed by a suffix beginning with a vowel, such as
ashka
, the “w” appears.
Qashuru
kw
ashka.
“I was cured.”
Compound Words
Compound words may be written as a single word or separated into two or more words. The exception is if the compound word contains a proper noun, in which case the proper noun must be separate. Hyphens are sometimes used to link the separated words together. The main word always comes first, followed by the modifying word.
Raraskhrad / raras-khrad / raras khrad
“Milari”, literally “mountain-cat”
Ghwad-Vork'ekoshra / Ghwad Vork'ekoshra
"Volkek-Oshra Language"
Compound words are treated as a single unit when it comes to inflections, regardless of how they are written.
Raras khrad
at
“Milari
s
”
If, within a compound word, a word ending in “(w)”, “(')”, or “(w')” is followed by a word beginning in r or a vowel, the bracketed letters have to be written.
Akshak'rugh / akshak'-rugh / akshak' rugh
“Pike”, literally “long-spear”
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Last Edit: 26 December 2014, 22:14:16 by Mina
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Re: The Volkek-Oshra Language
«
Reply #3 on:
25 December 2014, 18:11:12 »
Verbs
In the Volkek-Oshra language, the verb is the most important part of the sentence, and usually comes first in it. It is in fact possible for a sentence to consist only of a single verb. For example:
Krasakhes.
"They set fire to it."
In this case, the verb has prefixes marking person and number agreement with both its subject and its object, which allows the subject and object pronouns to be omitted without information being lost. The structure of a Volkek-Oshra verb is shown below:
[Subject Prefix] - [Aspect and Mood Prefix] - [Object Prefix] - Verb Root - [Suffixes]
A verb must contain a verb root, which always begins with a consonant. The presence of the other parts depends on the meaning one wishes to convey, but there will always be at least one prefix.
The prefixes are collectively known as the inflections. The verb root, together with any suffixes present, form the verb stem.
Subject Prefixes
All Volkek-Oshra verbs agree with their subjects in person and number, and this usually takes the form of a subject prefix placed at the front of the verb, before any other prefixes. This also means that a separate subject word need not be present in the sentence.
Kra
ghutud
azhad
.
“
The orcs
ran.”
Kra
ghutud.
“
They
ran.”
The prefixes are shown in the following table:
First Person
"I, we"
Second Person
"You"
Third Person
"He/she/it, they"
Indefinite
"Someone, something, anyone, anything"
Singular
Plural
q(a)
ch(a)
kh(a)
sh(a)
a
if there is no other prefix
not marked if there is another prefix
kr(a)
un(a)
The bracketed
a
are only included if the following sound is a consonant.
If the verb has no subject prefix, but has another prefix, it is understood to be agreeing with a singular third person subject.
Object Prefixes
Not all Volkek-Oshra verbs require objects. For example,
ghutud
, “to run”, can appear in a sentence without an object and never agrees with the object even if it is present. Such verbs are known as intransitive verbs. When an object is present, it is always introduced by a preposition.
Qaghutud.
“I ran.”
Qaghutud
uga
gherak.
“I ran
to
the house.”
However, many verbs require an object. These are called transitive verbs, and they always carry a prefix marking person and number agreement with that object, which comes before the verb stem but after any other prefixes. However, the object does not have to take the form of a separate word in the sentence.
Q
osa
karcha
t'erekat
.
“I saw
the rabbits
.”
Q
osa
karcha.
“I saw
them
.”
These prefixes are shown in the following table:
First Person
"Me, us"
Second Person
"You"
Third Person
"Him/her/it, them"
Indefinite
"Someone, something, anyone, anything"
Singular
Plural
uga
eka
ugha
uzha
asa
osa
ena
The object a transitive verb agrees with never appears with a preposition. It is possible to add more objects to the sentence using propositions, resulting in a sentence with two or more objects, but the verb never agrees with these additional objects.
Krosatakros gherakat.
“They built houses.”
Krosatakros gherakat
kas ch'odek
.
“They built houses
in the city
.”
Aspect and Mood Prefixes
Volkek-Oshra verbs do not distinguish between tenses. If time is not otherwise indicated, they are usually translated in the past tense, but this does not really reflect how they are understood by speakers. Depending on the context, they can describe present or future events as well. If necessary, the time can be stated explicitly in the sentence.
Krasakarcha khartos
kas gestad
.
“They saw a bear
yesterday
.”
Instead of tense, Volkek-Oshra verbs have aspect and mood. Each verb is in one of four moods: indicative, potential, imperative, or prohibitive. The indicative and potential moods further distinguish between the perfective and imperfective aspects. These are usually indicated by means of a prefix, which comes between the subject and object prefixes. They are shown in the following table:
Indicative
Potential
Imperative
Prohibitive
Perfective
Imperfective
not marked
ak(a)
at(a)
asj(a)
oq(a)
ogz(a)
The bracketed
a
are only included if the following sound is a consonant.
If a verb does not have an aspect and mood prefix, it is understood to be a perfective indicative verb.
Indicative Mood
The indicative mood is the default mood, and is usually used to make factual statements. It is further divided the perfective indicative and the imperfective indicative.
The perfective aspect is used to talk about an action as a single complete unit. Its meaning is roughly “to do something” or “to have done something”. The perfective indicative is the default form of the verb, and is not marked with a prefix.
Qasakarcha raras.
“I saw a cat.” or “I have seen a cat.”
Kraseqesh.
“They arrived.” or “They have arrived.”
The imperfective aspect is used to talk about an action as being ongoing or habitual. Its meaning is roughly “be doing something” or “used to do something”. The imperfective indicative prefix is
ak
before a vowel and
aka
before a consonant.
Kr
ak
osatakros gherakat.
“They were building houses.” or “They used to build houses.”
Potential Mood
The potential mood is also divided into perfective and imperfective. The perfective aspect is used to talk about an action as a single complete unit, while the imperfective aspect is used to talk about an action as being ongoing or habitual, just like the indicative versions.
However, in the potential mood, they don't make factual statements. Instead, they describe something as being possible but not necessarily true. The potential mood can also be used to talk about the future. Thus, its meaning is roughly “might”, “would”, or “will”.
The perfective potential prefix is
at
before a vowel and
ata
before a consonant, while the imperfective potential prefix is
asj
before a vowel and
asja
before a consonant.
Kr
at
asakarcha.
“They might have seen it.”
“They would have seen it.”
“They will see it.”
Kr
asja
ghutud.
“They might be running.”
“They would be running.”
“They will be running.”
Imperative Mood
The imperative mood is used to suggest a course of action or give instructions. The imperative prefix is
oq
before a vowel and
oqa
before a consonant.
Ch
oqa
marad.
“Let's walk.”
Kh
oq
asajagh.
“Take it.”
Kr
oq
asakw'arek gadra uga k'achakh.
“They are to give the wand to the mage.”
Prohibitive Mood
The prohibitive mood is similar to the imperative mood, except that it is used to suggest or instruct that something not be done. The prohibitive prefix is
ogz
before a vowel and
ogza
before a consonant.
Ch
ogza
ghutud.
“Let's not run.”
Kh
ogz
enakhes.
“Don't set anything on fire.”
Ogz
ughakarcha.
“He/she/it must not see you.”
Suffixes
Suffixes can be added to a verb root or stem to create a new stem with different but related meaning. There are four suffixes, which are listed below:
Causative
(a)khtu
Passive
(a)shka
Reflexive
(a)net
Reciprocal
(a)dezh
The bracketed a are only included if the preceding sound is a consonant.
Causative
The causative suffix is
khtu
after a vowel and
akhtu
after a consonant. It causes the meaning of the verb to become “to make (verb)”.
When the suffix is added to a verb, the original subject becomes the object, and a new subject is added. This turns an intransitive verb into a transitive verb.
Kra
ghutud.
“
They
ran.”
Kh
osa
ghutud
akhtu
.
“You
made them
run.”
If the verb was already transitive, its original object is removed. It can be added back to the sentence with the preposition
t'ak
.
Krasachak kuruk.
“They ate a fish.”
Khosachakakhtu.
“You made them eat.”
Khosachakakhtu
t'ak
kuruk.
“You made them eat a fish.”
Passive
The passive suffix is
shka
after a vowel and
ashka
after a consonant. It can only be added to transitive verbs, and turns them into intransitive verbs meaning “be (verb)ed”. The original object becomes the new subject, while the original subject is removed and may optionally be added back to the sentence with the preposition zha.
Osa
karcha k'achakh.
“The mage saw
them
.”
Kra
karcha
shka
.
“
They were
seen.”
Krakarchashka
zha
k'achakh.
“They were seen
by
the mage.”
Reflexive
The reflexive suffix is
net
after a vowel and
anet
after a consonant. It can only be added to a transitive verb, turning it into an intransitive verb that describes the subject performing the action on itself.
Kr
asa
k'adak.
“They hit
it
.”
Krak'adak
anet
.
“They hit
themselves
.”
Reciprocal
The reciprocal suffix is
dezh
after a vowel and
adezh
after a consonant. It can only be added to a transitive verb, turning it into an intransitive verb that describes the subject, which is usually plural, performing the action on each other.
Krak'adak
adezh
.
“They hit
each other
.”
Multiple Suffixes
Adding a suffix to a verb root or stem creates a new verb stem to which another suffix can be added. Thus, it is possible to have multiple suffixes within a verb. Unlike the prefixes, there is no fixed order in which suffixes have to be arranged. However, since each new suffix alters the meaning of the entire stem it is added to, adding the same suffixes in a different order results in a different meaning.
Krasa
grak
.
“They
wrote
it.”
Khosa
grakakhtu
.
“You
made
them
write
.”
Kra
grakakhtushka
.
“They
were made to write
.”
A
grakashka
.
“It
was written
.”
Krasa
grakashkakhtu
.
“They
caused
it
to be written
.”
However, not all possible combinations will make sense. Also, while there is no limit to the number of suffixes that may be on a verb, it is very unusual to see more than a few of them.
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Last Edit: 25 December 2014, 22:44:00 by Mina
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Re: The Volkek-Oshra Language
«
Reply #4 on:
25 December 2014, 18:11:56 »
Nouns
Volkek-Oshra nouns are relatively simple compared to verbs. They have at most two inflections, a plural suffix and a possessive suffix.
Plural Suffix
The plural suffix is
t
after a vowel and
at
after a consonant. It is used to mark a noun as being plural, but only when it is not being modified by a cardinal number or a quantifier.
Azhad
“An orc”
Azhad
at
“Orc
s
”
Dezh azhad
“Two orcs”
Khwes azhad
“Some orcs”
Possessive Suffixes
The Volkek-Oshra language does not have possessive pronouns. Instead, possessed nouns agree with their possessors in person and number. The agreement suffixes are listed below:
First Person
"My, our"
Second Person
"Your"
Third Person
"His/her/its, their"
Indefinite
"Someone's, something's, anyone's, anything's"
Singular
Plural
(a)q
(a)q'ach
(a)g
(a)gach
(a)z
(a)zach
(a)n
The bracketed
a
are only included if the preceding sound is a consonant.
A separate possessor word is not needed, although it may be included for clarity.
Gherak
azach k'achakhat
“
The mages'
house”
Gherak
azach
“
Their
house”
On plural nouns, the possessive suffix appears after the possessive suffix.
Gherakat
azach
“
Their
houses”
Verbless Sentences
Nouns can appear in sentences without a verb. This is used to equate one noun with another, and is done by simply placing the nouns next to each other.
Azhad k'achakh.
“The orc is a mage.”
Sentences with Verbs
When a verb is present, the nouns usually appear after it. Placing the noun in front of the verb serves to highlight it.
Krasakarcha k'achakh.
“They saw the mage.”
K'achakh krasakarcha.
“The mage, they saw him.”
When there is more than one noun, it does not matter which noun comes first as long as it is clear which is the subject and which is the object. Common sense, context, and agreement marking on the verb are usually sufficient to make this clear. When they are not enough, placing a noun in front of the verb can be done to indicate that it is the subject. This also highlights it.
Asakarcha raras k'achakh.
“The cat saw the mage.” or “The mage saw the cat.”
K'achakh asakarcha raras.
“The mage, he saw the cat.”
In this situation, if one wants to highlight the object, one should use the passive form of the verb, and place the object before it.
Raras akarchashka zha k'achakh.
“The cat, it was seen by the mage.”
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Last Edit: 25 December 2014, 22:40:23 by Mina
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Re: The Volkek-Oshra Language
«
Reply #5 on:
25 December 2014, 18:12:21 »
Other Word Classes
Adjectives
Adjectives are used to describe nouns. They may be directly equated with a noun without a linking verb like “to be”.
Churuk
gherakat.
“The houses are
red
.”
When used attributively, such as in the phrase “the red houses”, adjectives act like relative clauses, and are attached to the noun with the relative clause particle
esh
.
Krosatakros gherakat
esh churuk
.
“They built the red houses (houses
that are red
).”
Adverbs
Adverbs are words like “very” or “quickly”, that are used to modify verbs and adjectives, specifying things like manner or degree. They are usually placed immediately after the verb or adjective they modify.
Krasakarcha
och'on
raras.
“They saw the cat
again
.
Adjectives can be turned into adverbs by adding the prefix
tos
to the adjective, or
to
if the adjective begins with
s
,
sh
,
z
, or
zh
.
Khwerazh
“Fast, quick”
Tos
khwerazh
“Quick
ly
”
However, not all adverbs originate from adjectives.
Adverbs are also used for making comparisons. The adverb
och'on
is used to to make comparative statements. The thing being compared to does not have to be explicitly stated, but if it is, it takes the preposition
kas
.
Gakwa och'on khartos.
“The bear is bigger.”
Gakwa och'on khartos
kas t'erek
.
“The bear is bigger
than the rabbit
.”
For superlatives, the adverb
q'ozh
is used.
Gakwa q'ozh khartos.
“The bear is the biggest.”
Demonstratives
The Volkek-Oshra language does not have definite and indefinite articles. Nouns can be definite or indefinite depending on the context.
Kwarokh
“A tree” or “The tree”
However, nouns can be made definite by using demonstratives. Demonstratives are words like “this” or “those”, that are used to point out specific entities. The Volkek-Oshra language has three demonstratives. They must always be followed by a noun.
Khu
is used to point out something near the speaker. It is roughly equivalent to “this/these”.
Khu kwarokh
“This tree”
Chu
is used to point out something near the listener, but not the speaker. It roughly means “that/those (noun) near you”.
Chu kwarokh
“That tree near you”
Qaru
is used to point out something that is near neither the speaker nor the listener. It roughly means “that/those (noun) over there”.
Qaru kwarokh
“That tree over there”
Quantifiers
Quantifiers are words like “some”, “many”, or “all”, that are used to indicate quantity. In the Volkek-Oshra language, are placed before the noun they modify, and may not appear without a noun. Nouns modified by quantifiers never take the plural suffix.
Khwes
azhad
“
Some
orcs” or “
Some of
the orcs”
When a demonstrative is also present, the quantifier is placed before it.
Khwes
khu azhad
“
Some of
these orcs”
Numerals
Numeral words may be used as cardinal numbers (one, two, etc.) or ordinal numbers (first, second, etc.).
When used as cardinal numbers, they are placed before the noun they modify, and are regarded as a type of quantifier. Note that, like with other quantifiers, the noun never takes the plural suffix when it is modified by a cardinal number.
Dezh kwarokh
“Two trees”
When used as an ordinal number, a numeral word functions as an adjective.
T'erekat dezh.
“The rabbits are second.”
Gherak esh dezh
“The second house”
To count beyond ten (
jekra
), a number is added after it. Multiples of ten can be indicated by placing a number before it. They can be combined for more complex numbers. Such numbers are considered compound words.
Jekra dezh
“Twelve (ten and two)”
Dezh jekra
“Twenty (two tens)”
Dezh jekra rak
“Twenty three (two tens and three)”
The same is done for hundreds, thousands, and so on.
Dezh qanot dezh jekra rak
“Two hundred and twenty three (two hundreds, two tens, and three)”
Prepositions
Prepositions are used to introduce additional objects to a sentence. They usually carry a suffix marking person and number agreement with the object they introduce. These suffixes are listed in the table below:
First Person
"Me, us"
Second Person
"You"
Third Person
"Him/her/it, them"
Indefinite
"Someone, something, anyone, anything"
Singular
Plural
(a)n
(a)nat
(a)r
(a)rat
not marked
(a)dat
(a)nur
The bracketed
a
are only included if the preceding sound is a consonant.
If a preposition has no suffix, it is understood to be agreeing with a singular third person object.
As they agree with the objects they introduce, it is possible for a preposition to appear alone, without a noun or pronoun.
Khasatakros gherak
zekadat k'achakhat
.
“You built the house
for the mages
.”
Khasatakros gherak
zekadat
.
“You built the house
for them
.”
If quantifiers or demonstratives are present, the preposition comes before them.
Zekadat
khwes khu azhad
“
For
some of these orcs”
Pronouns
Pronouns can substitute for a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence.
Krasakarcha
gherak esh churuk
.
“They saw
the red house
.”
Krasakarcha
kered
.
“They saw
it
.”
However, due to agreement marking on verbs and prepositions, personal pronouns such as
kered
are seldom used. When they appear, they are usually being used for emphasis. For example, in the previous example
Krasakarcha kered
, it is being emphasised that they saw “it” and not something else.
Personal pronouns form their plurals the same way as nouns, with the suffix
at
.
Nokh
“I, me”
Nokh
at
“We, us”
There are also some interrogative pronouns, which are used to form certain types of questions.
Asajagh
tagh
?
“
Who
took it?”
Particles
In the Volkek-Oshra language, particles are a class of words that used for various functions, modifying or connecting words, phrases, or sentences. Here are a few examples:
Daq
is placed before a sentence or clause to mark it as hypothetical and attach it to another. Its meaning is roughly “if”.
Kratasajagh gadra
daq
krasakarcha.
“They would take the wand
if
they saw it.”
Ek
is placed before a noun or noun phrase to add it to another, turning them into a single unit. It means “and”, but cannot be used to connect verbs.
Krosakarcha ragash
ek
eresh.
“They saw a man
and
a woman.”
Ghat
is placed before a sentence or clause to negate it. It can be translated as “not”.
Ghat
krasakhes.
“They did
not
set fire to it.”
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Re: The Volkek-Oshra Language
«
Reply #6 on:
25 December 2014, 18:13:04 »
Volkek-Oshra to Tharian Dictionary
A
Agh
(interjection)
Yes (affirmative answer to yes/no question)
Agnazh
(noun)
Blood
Akshak(')
(noun)
Spear, javelin, or other similar weapon
Akshak'rugh
(noun)
Pike (weapon)
Azhad
(noun)
Orc
Ch
Chak
(verb)
To eat or drink something
Chu
(demonstrative)
Indicates something near the listener but not the speaker, roughly “That/those (noun) near you”
Eg. Chu kwarokh “That tree near you”
Churuk
(adjective)
Red, pink, orange, or brown
Ch'
Ch'odek
(noun)
City, town, village
Ch'ukh
(verb)
To grow, to mature
D
Daq
(particle)
Placed before a sentence or clause to mark it as hypothetical, roughly equivalent to “if”.
Eg. Kratasajagh gadra daq krasakarcha. “They would take the wand if they saw it.”
Dezh
(numeral)
Two
Second
E
Ek
(particle)
Roughly “and”, placed before a noun to attach it to another noun and indicate that they are to be treated as a unit
Eg. Krosakarcha ragash ek eresh. “They saw a man and a woman.”
Eresh
(noun)
Woman, female person
Esh
(particle)
Placed before a sentence or clause to turn it into a relative clause
Eg. Azhadat esh krasatakros gherak. “The orcs who built the house.”
G
Gadra
(noun)
Tree branch
Stick, staff, wand
Gakwa
(adjective)
Big, large
Gestad
(noun)
Yesterday, the day before today
Grak
(verb)
To dig, scrape, or scratch something, to make a cut in something without severing it
To write something
Grunas
(adjective)
Strong, physically powerful
Gh
Ghat
(particle)
Placed before a sentence or clause to negate it, roughly equivalent to “not”
Eg. Ghat krasakhes. “They did not set fire to it.”
Ghash
(noun)
Fire, flame
Gherak
(noun)
House
Building of any kind
Ghutud
(verb)
To run
Gw
Gwarok
(verb)
To fight someone
Eg. Asagwarok khartos. “He fought a bear.”
Gwek
(noun)
Path, road, track
Gwunuch
(adjective)
Old
Gwus
(noun)
Cattle
Ghw
Ghwad
(noun)
Mouth
Language, speech
Ghwat'as
(verb)
To speak to someone
Eg. Krasaghwat'as k'achakh. “They spoke to the mage.”
Ghwekh
(noun)
Beast, land vertebrate
The meat of such an animal
J
Jagh
(verb)
To take or seize something
To get something
To have something
Jekra
(numeral)
Ten
Tenth
K
Karcha
(verb)
To see something, to look at something
Kardagh
(noun)
Warg, wolf
Kaq
(particle)
Placed before a sentence or clause to turn it into a yes/no question
Eg. Kaq khasakarcha raras. “Did you see the cat?”
Kas
(preposition)
Marks the location an action happens at, roughly equivalent to “at”, “in”, “on”
Eg. Krasakarcha khartos kas q'oresh. “They saw a bear in the forest.”
Kered
(pronoun)
He/she/it, him/her/it (singular third person pronoun)
Keshuruk(w)
(noun)
Doctor, healer, physician
Krogh
(noun)
Hole of any size, up to and including large cave networks
Gap
Kuruk
(noun)
Fish
Generic term for aquatic animals, such as shellfish or whales
The flesh of such animals
K'
K'achakh
(noun)
Mage
Shaman, priest
K'adak
(verb)
To hit or strike something
K'adech
(adjective)
Bright
Spiritually or magically powerful
K'agh
(verb)
To make or create something
K'esh
(noun)
Stone, rock
K'uruk
(verb)
To want something
Eg. Krasak'uruk akshak. “They want the spear.”
Kh
Khartos
(noun)
Bear
Kharkor
(noun)
Hallway, tunnel, indoor or underground passageway
Khes
(verb)
To burn something, to set fire to something
Khrad
(noun)
Mountain, hill
Khu
(demonstrative)
Indicates something near the speaker, roughly “this/these”
Eg. Khu kwarokh “This tree”
Khw
Khwagh
(verb)
To make a hollow space such as a hole, ditch, tunnel, or cavern, especially by digging
Eg. Krasakhwagh kharkor. “They dug a tunnel.”
Khwerazh
(adjective)
Fast or quick
Khwes
(quantifier)
Some, some of
Eg. Khwes azhad “Some orcs, some of the orcs”
Kw
Kwarokh
(noun)
Tree
Kw'
Kw'arek
(verb)
To give away something, to hand over something
Eg. Krosakw'arek gadrat uga k'achakh. “They gave the wands to the mage.”
M
Marad
(verb)
To walk
To go, to travel
To depart, to go away
Mukot
(noun)
Room, cavern, indoor or underground space enclosed by walls and a ceiling
N
Nagezh
(noun)
Head
Leader, head of a group or organisation, such as a chieftain or a king
Nesh
(noun)
Nose, beak, bill, snout
The pointed front end of something, such as the head of a spear, the bow of a ship
Nokh
(pronoun)
I, me (singular first person pronoun)
O
Och'on
(adverb)
Again
Eg. Krasakarcha och'on. “They saw it again.”
More (comparative adverb)
Eg. Gakwa och'on khartos. “The bear is bigger (more big).”
Oros
(noun)
The Sun
Daytime
A day
Oshra
(adjective)
Spiritually attuned, capable of performing magic
Q
Qanot
(numeral)
Hundred
Hundredth
Qaru
(demonstrative)
Indicates something near neither the speaker nor the listener, roughly “that/those (noun) over there”
Eg. Qaru kwarokh “That tree over there”
Qash
(particle)
Placed before a sentence or clause to turn it into the subject or object of a verb; the statement is treated as third person singular for agreement purposes
Eg. Krasak'uruk qash asajagh k'achakh gadra. “They want the mage to take the wand.”
Quruzh
(noun)
River, stream
Q'
Q'arad
(verb)
To rise
To stand
Q'oresh
(noun)
Forest
Q'ozh
(adverb)
Most (superlative adverb)
Khwerazh q'ozh khu raras. “This cat is the fastest (most fast).”
Qw
Qwak
(verb)
To do what
Eg. Kraqwak? “What did they do?”
Qwodas
(noun)
Lake, pool
Qw'
Qw'eshas
(noun)
Field, plain
An open space in town, a square
R
Rak
(numeral)
Three
Third
Ragash
(noun)
Man, male person
Rakh
(verb)
To cut, break, or otherwise divide something into two or more pieces
Raras
(noun)
Cat
Raraskhrad
(noun)
Milari cat
Regh
(pronoun)
You (singular second person pronoun)
Rugh
(adjective)
Long
S
Sana
(particle)
Roughly “and, furthermore”, placed before a sentence or clause to connect it to another, treating them as a single event
Eg. Krosatakros gherakat sana krosakhwagh kharkorat. “They built houses and dug tunnels.”
Seqesh
(verb)
To come, to move towards the speaker
To arrive
Sezh
(verb)
To exist, often used for “there is/are” expressions
Eg. Krasezh khartosat kas q'oresh. “There are bears in the forest (Bears exist in the forest).”
Sh
Shuruk(w)
(verb)
To cure or heal someone
T
Tagh
(pronoun)
Who (interrogative pronoun)
Eg. Asajagh tagh? “Who took it?”
Takros
(verb)
To erect or build something, usually a relatively fixed and immovable structure
Eg. Krosatakros gherakat. “They built houses.”
Torekh
(noun)
Earth, land, soil, the ground
Country, territory
T'
T'ak
(preposition)
Marks something that is acted on, usually used to reintroduce the original object of a causative verb
Eg. Khosachakakhtu t'ak kuruk. “You made them eat a fish.”
T'erek
(noun)
Rabbit, hare
U
Uch'okh
(noun)
World, universe
Uga
(preposition)
Marks the destination or recipient of an action, roughly “to”, “towards”, “into”, “onto”
Eg. Kramarad uga quruzh. “They went to the river.”
Uru
(numeral)
One
First
V
Vekad
(noun)
God, ghost, spirit, or other incorporeal being
Vork'ek
(noun)
Tribe, clan, ethnic group
Z
Zak'ad
(noun)
Person, sapient being
Zek
(preposition)
Marks someone an action is performed for or on behalf of
Eg. Krasajagh zek k'achakh. "They took it for the mage."
Zh
Zha
(preposition)
Marks something that carried out or was used to carry out an action, roughly “by, with”
Eg. Asak'adak zha akshak. “He hit it with a spear.”
Zhak
(noun)
Eye, organ used for seeing
Zherak
(noun)
The Moon
A month
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Re: The Volkek-Oshra Language
«
Reply #7 on:
25 December 2014, 18:13:27 »
Tharian to Volkek-Oshra Dictionary
A
Again = Och'on (adverb)
And (connects nouns only) = Ek (particle)
And (connects sentences only) = Sana (particle)
Animal (land vertebrate only) = Ghwekh (noun)
Aquatic animal (also refers to their flesh) = Kuruk (noun)
Arrive = Seqesh (verb)
At = Kas (preposition)
B
Bear (animal) = Khartos (noun)
Beast (animal) = Ghwekh (noun)
Beak = Nesh (noun)
Big = Gakwa (adjective)
Bill (beak) = Nesh (noun)
Blood = Agnazh (noun)
Branch (of a tree) = Gadra (noun)
Break (break something into two or more pieces) = Rakh (verb)
Bright = K'adech (adjective)
Brown = Churuk (adjective)
Build = Takros (verb)
Building = Gherak (noun)
Burn = Khes (verb)
By (someone or something that carried out an action) = Zha (preposition)
C
Cat = Raras (noun)
Cattle = Gwus (noun)
Cave = Krogh (noun)
Cavern = Mukot (noun)
Chief (leader) = Nagezh (noun)
City = Ch'odek (noun)
Clan = Vork'ek (noun)
Come = Seqesh (verb)
Country = Torekh (noun)
Create = K'agh (verb)
Cure (heal) = Shuruk(w) (verb)
Cut (into two or more pieces) = Rakh (verb)
Cut (without severing) = Grak (verb)
D
Day = Oros (noun)
Daytime = Oros (noun)
Depart = Marad (verb)
Dig (excavate) = Khwagh (verb)
Dig (into something) = Grak (verb)
Divide = Rakh (verb)
Doctor (physician) = Keshuruk(w) (noun)
Drink = Chak (verb)
E
Earth (ground, soil) = Torekh (noun)
Eat = Chak (verb)
Excavate (create by digging) = Khwagh (verb)
Exist = Sezh (verb)
Eye (organ used for seeing) = Zhak (noun)
F
Fast = Khwerazh (adjective)
Female person = Eresh (noun)
Field = Qw'eshas (noun)
Fight = Gwarok (verb)
Fire (flame) = Ghash (noun)
First = Uru (numeral)
Fish = Kuruk (noun)
For = Zek (preposition)
Forest = Q'oresh (noun)
G
Gap = Krogh (noun)
Get = Jagh (verb)
Ghost = Vekad (noun)
Give away = Kw'arek (verb)
Go = Marad (verb)
Go away = Marad (verb)
God = Vekad (noun)
Ground = Torekh (noun)
Grow (mature) = Ch'ukh (verb)
H
Hallway = Kharkor (noun)
Hand over = Kw'arek (verb)
Hare = T'erek (noun)
Have = Jagh (verb)
He = Kered (pronoun)
Head = Nagezh (noun)
Heal = Shuruk(w) (verb)
Healer = Keshuruk(w) (noun)
Her = Kered (pronoun)
Hill = Khrad (noun)
Him = Kered (pronoun)
Hit = K'adak (verb)
Hole = Krogh (noun)
House = Gherak (noun)
Hundred/hundredth = Qanot (numeral)
I
I = Nokh (pronoun)
If (marks sentence as hypothetical) = Daq (particle)
In = Kas (preposition)
Into = Uga (preposition)
It = Kered (pronoun)
J
Javelin (thrown spear) = Akshak(') (noun)
K
L
Lake = Qwodas (noun)
Land = Torekh (noun)
Language = Ghwad (noun)
Large = Gakwa (adjective)
Leader = Nagezh (noun)
Look at = Karcha (verb)
Long (enlongated) = Rugh (adjective)
M
Mage = K'achakh (noun)
Magic-using = Oshra (adjective)
Make = K'agh (verb)
Male person = Ragash (noun)
Man = Ragash (noun)
Mature (grow) = Ch'ukh (verb)
Me = Nokh (pronoun)
Meat (of land vertebrate) = Ghwekh
Milari cat = Raraskhrad (noun)
Month = Zherak (noun)
Moon = Zherak (noun)
More (comparative adverb) = Och'on (adverb)
Most (superlative adverb) = Q'ozh (adverb)
Mountain = Khrad (noun)
Mouth = Ghwad (noun)
N
Nose = Nesh (noun)
Not (negation particle) = Ghat (particle)
O
Object of causative verb = T'ak (preposition)
Old = Gwunuch (adjective)
On = Kas (preposition)
One = Uru (numeral)
Onto = Uga (preposition)
Orange (colour) = Churuk (adjective)
Orc = Azhad (noun)
P
Passageway (indoor or underground) = Kharkor (noun)
Path = Gwek (noun)
Person = Zak'ad (noun)
Pike (weapon) = Akshak'rugh (noun)
Pink = Churuk (adjective)
Plain (open country) = Qw'eshas (noun)
Pool = Qwodas (noun)
Powerful (physically) = Grunas (adjective)
Powerful (spiritually or magically) = K'adech (adjective)
Priest = K'achakh (noun)
Q
Question Particle = Kaq (particle)
Quick = Khwerazh (adjective)
R
Rabbit = T'erek (noun)
Red = Churuk (adjective)
Rise = Q'arad (verb)
River = Quruzh (noun)
Road = Gwek (noun)
Rock = K'esh (noun)
Room = Mukot (noun)
Run = Ghutud (verb)
S
Scrape = Grak (verb)
Scratch = Grak (verb)
Second = Dezh (numeral)
See = Karcha (verb)
Shaman = K'achakh (noun)
She = Kered (pronoun)
Snout = Nesh (noun)
Soil = Torekh (noun)
Some, some of = Khwes (quantifier)
Speak = Ghwat'as (verb)
Spear = Akshak(') (noun)
Speech (language, dialect) = Ghwad (noun)
Spirit = Vekad (noun)
Spiritually attuned = Oshra (adjective)
Square (open space in town) = Qw'eshas (noun)
Staff (stick) = Gadra (noun)
Stand = Q'arad (verb)
Stick (enlogated piece of wood or similar material) = Gadra (noun)
Stone = K'esh (noun)
Stream (small river) = Quruzh (noun)
Strike = K'adak (verb)
Strong = Grunas (adjective)
Sun = Oros (noun)
T
Take = Jagh (verb)
Ten/tenth = Jekra (numeral)
Territory = Torekh (noun)
That (relative clause particle) = Esh (particle)
That (subordinating particle) = Qash (particle)
That (that near you) = Chu (demonstrative)
That (that over there) = Qaru (demonstrative)
Third = Rak (numeral)
This/these = Khu (demonstrative)
Those (those near you) = Chu (demonstrative)
Those (those over there) = Qaru (demonstrative)
Three = Rak (numeral)
To (towards) = Uga (preposition)
Town = Ch'odek (noun)
Track (path) = Gwek (noun)
Travel = Marad (verb)
Tree = Kwarokh (noun)
Tribe = Vork'ek (noun)
Tunnel = Kharkor (noun)
Two = Dezh (numeral)
U
Universe = Uch'okh (noun)
V
Village = Ch'odek (noun)
W
Walk = Marad (verb)
Wand = Gadra (noun)
Want = K'uruk (verb)
Warg = Kardagh (noun)
What (do what) = Qwak (verb)
Who (interrogative pronoun) = Tagh (pronoun)
Who (relative clause particle) = Esh (particle)
With (something used to carry out an action) = Zha (preposition)
Wolf = Kardagh (noun)
Woman = Eresh (noun)
World = Uch'okh (noun)
Write = Grak (verb)
X
Y
Yes (affirmative answer to yes/no question) = Agh (interjection)
Yesterday = Gestad (noun)
You = Regh (pronoun)
Z
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Winter's Flame candle
by
lolanixon
[27 March 2019, 00:01:57]
WANTED: Beta readers / comic fantasy
by
Artimidor Federkiel
[21 June 2018, 14:28:00]
Gollum Pic
by
Erutan Argon
[31 May 2017, 06:35:55]
Islands of Doranthakar, Southern Sarvonia
by
Felsid Greytunnel
[06 May 2017, 05:27:04]
Am I too late?
by
Felsid Greytunnel
[03 April 2017, 01:15:03]
Centaur Picture
by
Noksz
[26 March 2017, 12:48:25]
The Guilds & Orders of New-Santhala
by
Felsid Greytunnel
[15 March 2017, 02:23:07]
The History of New-Santhala
by
Felsid Greytunnel
[15 March 2017, 02:20:28]
The Districts of New-Santhala
by
Felsid Greytunnel
[15 March 2017, 02:17:52]
New-Santhala, Sangui Province, Southern Sarvonia
by
Felsid Greytunnel
[14 March 2017, 20:23:43]
The High Fores picture
by
Felsid Greytunnel
[06 February 2017, 04:53:35]
The High Fores, Vardynn Province, Southern Santharia
by
Seeker
[31 January 2017, 08:45:52]
The Black Flame
by
landon
[15 December 2016, 15:50:49]
Tales of Monsonius: That Fiend of Mine
by
Felsid Greytunnel
[26 November 2016, 23:16:38]
Site Update 10-10-2016
by
Felsid Greytunnel
[27 October 2016, 07:42:01]
The Santhran Lysmarin Hammerfeld
by
Artimidor Federkiel
[27 September 2016, 18:51:05]
Armelite
by
Artimidor Federkiel
[11 September 2016, 23:17:33]
Blazebushel Moss
by
Artimidor Federkiel
[11 September 2016, 23:15:27]
Lightmoss
by
Artimidor Federkiel
[11 September 2016, 22:58:56]
Search feature troubles
by
Artimidor Federkiel
[03 September 2016, 22:22:23]
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