Throughout the ages wars, conflicts and everyday life have taken their toll on the sentient races of Caelereth ending the lives of many due to injuries. Healers, clerics, medicinemen, and soldiers on the battlerfield have have sought ways to extend the life of those who have been injured and save their loved ones. Pain, blood-loss, and infection have arisen as the central problems when dealing with the wounded and advancement in these areas have significantly improved mortality rates in medical and surgical treatments.  Historically the Northern Sarvonian tribes have not been very advanced in these areas resulting in high rates of death; however in Southern Sarvonia the tribes are somewhat more advanced (at least in New-Santhala). The Compendium hopes that this documented research will benefit all of Caelereth and many lives will be saved.

Pain Remedies. Anyone who has ever lived has most likely experienced the problem of pain. Pain is an unpleasant feeling one gets usually a result of an injury or disease. Not all races and tribes experience pain in the same way. Studies have been conducting demonstrating that the same pain stimulus illicit different reactions in for example orcs and Brownies. Orcs appear to be the most pain-tolerant race, with dwarves and hobbits a close second. Humans have proved to be one of the least pain tolerant of the sentient races. However even the tribes within the races have various levels of pain tolerance.

From an academic point of view pain is good. Pain causes people to avoid situations and things that bring harm to the body or warn when something is damaged. Nevertheless pain is unpleasant and is most often the reason a person seeks a healer. This chapter of pain remedies studies methods which abate pain from various sources. One should note that pain remedies treat the pain someone experiences, but do not cure the cause of the pain. The use of pain management remedies varies by race and tribe with many healers using multiple procedures.

• Alocoholic Drink
  The most common form of pain inhibitor is strong alcoholic drink such as R'unorian Brandy. While these drinks obviously distract the patient from their pains they can also cause behaviour problems in the patient making medical or surgical procedures difficult. Widely used for various causes of pain.

• Alrik'ran Root
  The Alrik’ran bush grows up to one ped in height, producing clusters of green coin-shaped leaves. It depends on the plainsfires of the Narfost Plain, brought about by the combustion of the lorahough, for its seedpods to germinate. If the entire plant, save the roots, is immolated by the plainsfires, the plant can regenerate anew from only the intact roots. The tough, fibrous root of the alrik'ran bush is dug up, washed, dried and peeled, then chewed. The root, when prepared and chewed as described above, works to remedy cramps, headaches and other complaints during women's cycles. The Alrik'ran root gives forth a bluish, milky sap, which may discolour the teeth of one who chews the root. Given that these roots can withstand strong fires, and even regrow an entirely new bush after a fire, it is likely that the cooling effect the sap has on the sanguine constituent explains the efficacy of medicinal use of the roots.

• Aelvásh Merín (Anemonel Flower)
  Raw Anemonel is poisonous, and accidental ingestion often leads to headache, fever, loose watery stool, stomach cramps, and may even cause death. The Injerín elves have mastered preparation of Anemonel for medicinal use, carefully guarding this secret from anyone else. In elven culture, the Anemonel is associated with positive and magical, even mysterious, properties. To the orcs, however, this flower represents disease and death because of the poison of the living plant and the pale pink coulor of the flower which mirrors the pallor of death Dried Anemonel leaves are crushed, soaked with Anemonel petals, then mixed with other herbs that help neutralize the poison in Anemonel to produce Aelvásh’már. Aelvásh’már is administered to lower fevers and heal headaches. The Anemonel, in the elven culture, is commonly associated with positive, magical, and often times mysterious phenomena. Many elves also associate the coming of these flowers with the wind, breezes sent by Eyasha, Goddess of Peace. - Cooling the sanguine element, the Anemonel flower is thought to assuage any internal conflict.

• Canelvous Herb
  The Canelvous is a rare brewing herb grown in scarce amounts by the humans in the Elverground. Because of its ability to soothe and relieve pain it is sought after by many people in the southern part of the continent. The leaves are sold almost all over the Santharian kingdom, at a steep price, and are mainly found in the markets of New-Santhala. The dark reddish-brown leaves of the mature plant are sun-dried to a pale, chalky greyish-brown colour, then are brewed into a dark, bitter infusion. Canelvous cha, though extremely sour, can sooth and relieve back ache, headaches, bruises, sprains and pulled muscles. It is rumoured that mixing the brew with some brandy can cure pain for the long term but this has never been proven. The astute healer should be wary of affluent nobles who show too much affinity to mixing their canelvous herb in alcoholic spirits, as some people fall victim to addiction to these pain-relieving herbs. A few Nehtorians who reside in the Elverground say that the Canelvous is a gift from Nehtor, the God of Healing, but few common folk believe this. A more widely-accepted story in the area about the origin of the herb is that a golgnome experimented vigorously with cha leaves and finally created a strange red leaf still bearing the characteristics of the cha leaf. He then used alchemical and magical techniques until the leaf became fern-like and gained strange abilities. Some herbalists, this author included, hypothesize that the Canelvous herb exerts its effects by nurturing the Grothan constituent, allowing one's pains and discontent to pass in the excreta.

• Iceplant Salve
  The Alth’mon is known as “Ice Plant” in Tharian, “Poiya” to those people north of the Kuglimz population, and “Varro” to the Ice Tribes. A white flower, standing a few nailbreadths over the ground, surrounded by layers of spike-tipped leaves, this plant grows only in the cold climes north of the Tandala Highlands. By crushing the leaves and mixing it with fat to create a salve, the Kuglimz prepare a salve called Por'mon (lit. "Ice Frost") which has the property of numbing the skin to which it is applied. Most of the inhabitants of Northern Sarvonia have a legend about how at one time or another a great ball of ice came down from the sky, and as it came down, it splintered and showered its crystals along the whole of the North. These crystals took root in the earth and became the alth'mon plant. It kept its frigid temperature and can still to this day freeze a man's skin. Por'mon likely exerts its effect on skin and surface membranes by prevailing on the ichor, cooling the inflamed area and appealing to a calmer temperament.

• Khmeen Seeds and Oil
  Two varieties of Khmeen plant are known, Black Khmeen and the more aromatic, though less common, "Maiden's Breath". Both begin life as carrot-appearing roots, and within one or two years these put out seed-producing flowers. These seeds are the essential part of medicinal extractions from the Khmeen plant. The seeds themselves may be chewed to derive medicinal benefit. As well, the seeds may be ground and pressed to release the oils contained within. Both the raw seeds and their potent oils may alleviate the pain of a bad back. Khmeen seeds and oils serve multiple purposes, and thus likely stimulate several constituents once ingested. The effect of assuaging the phlegm may explain its use for cough and breathing troubles. Its postulated soothing effects for aches and eye afflictions come from invigorating the Grothan constituent (excreta). Additionally, it likely summons better composition of the bile to aid in digestive complaints. Found in southern Elverground, Narfost Plain, northern Nybelmar.

• Magic Spells
  Many forms of magic are also employed to manage pain. While spellcasting to manage pain is not common outside of the city of Ximax one can find it on occasion in New-Santhala or on the field of a large battle. Some examples of Spells used to alleviate pain:
  
  - Fire Spell - Kindling - Endure Pain
  - Water Spell - Water Enchantment - Skin of Painlessness
  - Water Spell -Serenity Spell
  - Water Spell -Area of Frost
  - Earth Spell - Deadened Senses
  - Wind Spell - Refresh
  - Wind Spell - Comfort

• Miyu Beans
  Miyu (me-you) beans are taken from the miyuestiac bush found in Ilian Plateau and in portions of the Lower Fores, and are a recently rediscovered plant seed rising in prominence among healers for their numbing properties. The bush stands about one and a half peds tall, with shaggy, deep reddish-brown bark. The limbs have thick foliage consisting of light orange cloven leaves and green bean pods. The round berries within the pods are black with a single orange ring around the top. Raw berries, when squashed, issue forth a gel which numbs skin. These berries are somewhat fragile, and require wrapping in miyuestiac leaves to prevent unintentional crushing and numbing of skin. The berries may also be dried and pulverized. This powder of miyu beans may be reconstituted in water to produce a paste with similar, though somewhat diminished, numbing qualities. When squashed, or reconstituted from powder and made into a paste, then applied to the skin, it numbs the immediate area for varying amounts of time, depending on the dosage. When ingested they act as a general soporific, numbing the mind and body. Overdoses of miyu bean mixtures can be quite dangerous. The astute healer is well-advised to be cautious in the administration of miyuestiac powder, as some people fall heavily under its influence and become addicted to its euphoric effect. As unfortunate experience tells us, no human, hobbit, gnome or elf should ingest more than 7 of these berries, as these berries may induce stupor and cessation of vital bodily functions in an overdose. Dwarves may be able to tolerate more than this, but this is not recommended.

• Silkel Tree Nut Cream
  The Silkel Tree, also called the Ilárol’pherán ("Silver Tree") or Cáo fá Eú'reóll, ("Child of the Tree of Life"), in Styrásh, is regarded as one of the most beautiful trees in all of Caelereth, and many believe it to be touched by a kind of immortal magic. Either its enchanting appearance, or perhaps its amazing healing powers, or maybe its inclination to grow in places touched by myth and wonder, lead to the belief that it’s a tree closer to ethereality than to corporeality. This sheen tree has a number of uses, many of them of medical nature. The tree is mostly known for its thread-like bark that can be made into silk, which is sometimes used to make cloth. Midwives will, if they can get the seeds, take the juicy nut and work it into a cream, then warm it and apply it to the skin during contractions to lessen the pain. It is best if the cream is massaged gently into the skin around the mother’s abdomen to warm and relax the muscles. In some cases, this has also worked for courses' pains.
  
  Removing the nut from the shell, chopping it up, and adding it to food before eating it has been known to make infertile women able to bare children. While it doesn’t always work, as there is quite a large number of cases where it hasn’t, there is an even higher number of cases where it has, and thus blessed many women with being able to have children who normally wouldn’t be able to. The silkel nut, mashed into a cream then rubbed onto the abdomen, soothes labor pains. Some people believe that magic and myth are manifested in the Silkel, that Silkel Trees show where the ethereal has touched reality, or that some light elven spirits take up residence in these trees. In any instance, the touch of mystical and miracle is apparent in these trees. An herbalist’s explanation for the miraculous healing effects might be that by welling up the timid influences of ichor and phlegm, the bile and excreta are liberated to craft the body into a more ideal state of health.

• Sunsmile Flower (Sunspark)
  Found in Northern Sarvonia, and in Heath of Jernais and Aurora Fields.The Sunsmile or Sunspark  covers the ground with bright yellow sunny flowers that turn into fluffy puff balls when seeding. Sunsmile flowers are bright yellow hemi-globes, measuring about 4 nailsbreadths across. Being resilient to cold and overlying growth, these flowers grow almost as a weed wherever they may take root. Entire sunsmile flowers may be picked, then the flowers clipped from their stems, ready for use. They have little effect if not used the same day they are picked. Add Sunsmile to a warm bath to soothe aching muscles and joints. Being a bright, hardy denizen of the fields, the sunsmile stimulates the anima to rejuvenate one's body. Sunsmile also distributes the phlegm to a more agreeable balance.

• Urban Tree Leaves
  Urban Trees are enormous and dominant, stick stumped bark trees, which can grow to gigantic thickness levels over decades. Characteristic for Urban Trees aside from the enormous breadths they can reach are their roots spreading over the surface of the whole forest ground. They grow deep down in the woods, one of the most prominent Urban Trees lies in the Auturian Forest, where it was made into the Ria, the main building of the Tethinrhim Elves. Freshly-reaped leaves are steeped into a tea, for pain remedies. The washed leaves may also be applied to assist in wound closure. The leaves are steeped into tea which relieves headaches and muscle pains. Urban leaf tea may prey upon the weak-willed, forming an addiction over time. It is often said that the Urban Tree was first created when the Tethinrhim tribe first came to the Auturian Forest by an elf Named Na’Pheran ("She-Tree"). Realising that it wouldn’t be viable for her fellow tribe members to live on the ground with safety, she focused on the powers of the Earth and created a forest of large living house trees. Urban leaves hold potency in their effect upon the bile, which flows more evenly, cooling one's disposition and allowing for peaceful repose.

• Willow Tree Tea and Tablets
  Willowbark tea and willowbark tablets, as the two most popular preparations are known, are a common remedy for headache and fever. Less-well known is their ability to relieve post-surgical pain, in the proper dosage and concentration, or even to mute the pain of the actual surgical procedure. Whether used prior to surgery as a mild anesthetic or afterwards to dull the pain, willowbark is prepared by chirogeons in the following manner. The well-dried bark of the Willow tree, harvested from non-fallen branches, is reduced to a coarse, grainy powder by means of the mortar and pestle. The fresh leaves are ground to a damp paste and the fibrous remnants picked out, then the two elements of paste and powder are combined and blended well. If being prepared for later use, the mixture may be formed into small tablets and left to dry. If needed immediately, the paste is admixed with some flavoring and sweeteners (such as kitraure juice and malisehoney. or redberries and foridite) and then brewed as an infusion, or hot 'tea'. Whether tablets or tea, the dose must be matched carefully to the patient's size and race; dwarves require far more than humans, for example, while elves tolerate willowbark to an extent that would actually kill a human. When administered correctly, the preparation numbs and soothes much of the sensation of pain, though treatment may not have yet begun or may have concluded with further necessary injury to the physical tissues - such as an amputation or the removal of foul matter. It also seems to reduce the incidents of wound-foul and wound-fever which so often accompany either accidental injury or surgical intervention. Willow is the very sign and symbol of Grothar, the Windlord, and as such works to cool and relieve heat of all sorts, whether feverish or choleric. Its effect upon the over-stimulated constituents resembles the way in which a gentle breeze may take away the warmth of one's body after labouring in the fields, or a maiden's breath upon her too-hot broth. Willows, whether Marsh, Wolf, or Weeping, have similar medicinal properties and grow throughout almost all of the Sarvonian continent - more stunted in the cold Northern regions and often shrivelled in the heat of the Southern wastes - but flourishing wherever they can find water and wind. Thus this remedy is available to almost any medicine maker, wisewoman, or herbalist who has a harvesting knife and mortar - namely, all. Praise to Grothar for this greenherb which so sovereignly soothes our ills.

Image description. A fallen hero suffering from severe blood-loss. Illustration drawn by Koldar.

Blood-Loss Management. What soldier, knight or warrior has not seen one of his kinsmen sustain a wound and subsequently bleed to death? Blood-loss, along with infection, is one of the major causes of death on the battlefield. In addition almost all surgeries involve blood, and the management of blood-loss is essential in the health of the patient. Many experiments have been performed on captured enemies to test the ability to manage or stop the flow of blood with varying results. As such, over the centuries a variety of methods for controlling the flow of blood have been developed. Many of these methods are being widely used in New-Santhala and in the more advanced military garrisons throughout Southern Sarvonia, with great success. Even some of the more barbaric tribes in Caelerath are beginning to see the value in the methods described. Some of these methods involve pastes and ointments while other methods are more direct.

• Arryi Flower Potion ("Purple Lantern")
  The arryi, or purple lantern, as it is mainly called in Aeruillin, is a flower which is encountered often by the Shendar when they travel through the Aj’nuvic Grounds. Though found mostly in these grounds, as they have the ideal climate for its reproduction, the plant has been seen in other areas in Caelereth also, for example the Cár'cál'cáey Mountains of Aeruillin. The plant has a very distinctive look, its long stems richly hung with many purple little flowers ("lanterns"). When an arryi dies in winter the flowers will turn blue, causing much awe amongst the Shendar, blue being of course their tribal colour. When an arryi flower perishes in the winter, the blossoms change from purple to blue. These blue flowers may be collected and dissolved into water to produce a medicinal preparation to stanch bleeding. Caution should be exercised to use only the blue flowers of the arryi which die in winter. The fertile flowers of the living arryi are purple, and these would prove fatal if ingested. The purple flower for which the arryi obtained its name may induce rapid, massive bleeding from multiple sites, which is almost impossible to stanch. The potion derived from the blue flowers of winter stop one from bleeding, causing the blood to clot very fast. The cold of winter turning the purple lantern to the frigid blue of death evokes the sound of Queprur's whisper chilling the land. This explains the efficacy of the potion of the blue arryi flower, the emboldened choler hardening the body against mortal wounds and freezing the outflow of blood. Found in Santharian province Truban northwest of Nirmenith Mountains, Aj’nuvic Grounds, and in the mountains of Aeruillin.

• Cauterization
  A crude yet widely use method is the practice of cauterizing the wounded area. With this method the area in question is burned with a hot iron, boiling oil or a fire brand to close the vessels and stop the flow of blood. Advancements in cauterization have lead to the invention of a small L-shaped cauterization instrument consisting of a wooden handle a little longer than a palm span, with a metal rod coming out of the handle another palm span or so, bending at a right angle, and ending with a metal implement looking something like a tiny battleaxe head. When heated to searing hot over an open flame, this instrument is touched firmly but briefly to an open wound to burn (cauterize) bleeding vessels. This instrument is growing in popularity over the Sarvonian continent.

• Clamping Vessels
  A very advanced, yet rarely practiced, method of managing blood loss is tying off or clamping blood vessels. This procedure requires a more advanced knowledge of anatomy and requires proper technique and rare specialized clamping tools only found in New-Santhala. This method is utilized during surgical procedures and is said to be the cause of the increase success rate of surgeries over the past 50 years.

• Image description. An earth mage healer casting Sanguinary Block to save a wounded soldier on the battlefield. Picture from the game Mystical Empire™, used with friendly permission. Illustration drawn by Faugar.

  Magic Spells
  Magic can also employed to manage blood-loss. While spellcasting to manage blood-loss is not common outside of the city of Ximax one can find it on occasion in New Santhala or on the field of a large battle. The spell Sanguinary Block is the most widely used magical spell address the loss of blood.

• Odea Moss Paste or Powder
  In the gap between the Auturian Woods and the Tolonian Heath grows the odea moss, a deep green, very shiny, and incredibly slippery moss. While attached to its host the odea appears as tiny spheres. Once removed from its host plant, it starts to die a disgustingly slimy death. Appearing during the colder months of the year, the odea moss has been used by the Tethinrhim elves since it was discovered as a highly potent healing plant. Fresh odea moss is plucked from its host plant and mixed with a small quantity of blood from the victim. This forms a paste which is applied onto a wound. Alternatively, the moss may be removed and dried in the sun to form a powder. This powder, while not quite as potent as the fresh moss, still retains its property of mending wounds. Either fresh odea moss made into a paste, or dried odea powder, along with a drop of blood from the wounded, spread over a wound and left to be absorbed into the body, helps wound binding. This process should be repeated a number of times according to the severity of the wound. The odea moss does not need to be removed. Odea moss is rumored to be the creation of Nehtor (God of Healing) having witnessed the horrors and burns to the remaining Tethinrhim elves when the Auturian Woods were burnt down in 806 b.S., assisting to help the elves to recover their strength. It is believed that odea moss appeals to the Foiroan constituent, coaxing the ichor to weave the fabric of the body into an intact tapestry of nature once again. Found in lower regions of Auturian Woods, Tolonian Heath, and rarely western side of Marcogg.

• Ormelin ("Reberry Bush Juice")
  The redberry is a common, medium-sized bush that can be found throughout most of Caelereth (with the exception of southern Nybelmar and Aeruillin). Each bush produces many small, tart, red berries, useful for cooking as well as being a primary ingredient of ormelin (orm conservation fluid). The fruit juice of redberries is one of the main ingredients in Ormelin (orm conservation fluid). The fluid is used as a cure-all elixir and significantly aids in the healing of wounds and blood-loss recovery as well as healing infection.

• Tourniquets
  Tourniquets are often used to prevent blood loss immediately following an injury. The objective is to tie a supple material above a seeping wound preventing the flow of blood to the wound. However a tourniquet can also have the effect of killing the entire appendage and must be used with care.

• Yahrle Ointment
  Yahrle healing herb is also refered to as Meadow Hop, Military Herb or Staunchweed. It is found in the Aurora Fields, Heath of Jernais in Santharia, and Wilshirer Heath in Northern Sarvonia. The stem rises about 1 fore, and is angular and rough with spear shaped leaves. These leaves are one to one and a half palmspans long and 3 nailbreadths broad, growing out of the stem at the base, and have a feathery appearance. The leaves and stem of the yahrle give off a very pungent peppery smell. It flowers from late spring to early fall, with white or pale lilac blooms. The petals look like minute blades with flattened, loose heads. The whole plant is harvested, dried and made into an ointment. The ointment is applied to a wound to stop any bleeding. It is said by the elves that yahrle is one of the herbs dedicated to Coór, sometimes referred to as Coór's Nettle or Coór's Shadowing, and was used for divination in spells. It has also been used in folk superstitions to gain a vision of one's future husband or wife. It is speculated that Baveras smiles gently on those who use yahrle ointment, and this stanches the ebb of blood from a wound.

18th Sleeping Dreameress 1670 a.S. Information provided by Kelancey the Green and Seeker